Academic International Journal of Pure Science
The Academic International Journal of Pure Science (AIJPS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access scholarly journal dedicated to publishing high-quality, original research in all fields of pure sciences. The journal provides an international platform for researchers, academics, and scientists to disseminate scientifically sound and ethically conducted research that advances fundamental scientific knowledge and theoretical understanding. AIJPS publishes original research articles, review papers, short communications, theoretical analyses, and scholarly commentaries covering fundamental and applied aspects of pure science disciplines. By adopting an open-access publishing model, the journal ensures unrestricted access to published content, thereby enhancing the visibility, dissemination, and global impact of pure science research. The mission of AIJPS is to promote excellence in pure science research and education by encouraging studies that demonstrate scientific rigor, methodological soundness, and clear contributions to the understanding of natural laws, structures, and processes. The journal fosters interdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge exchange among scientists, researchers, and institutions at both regional and international levels. AIJPS welcomes manuscripts written in English, provided they present original findings, critical analyses, or innovative theoretical or experimental approaches relevant to pure science and related disciplines. Manuscripts derived from Master’s and Doctoral theses are also considered, provided they have not been previously published or accepted elsewhere. Authors must clearly indicate on the first page that the manuscript is extracted from an academic thesis, including the awarding institution and the year the degree was granted. Aims and Scope Aims Advance scientific knowledge in pure sciences Promote high-quality, original, and innovative research in fundamental sciences Support theoretical and experimental studies addressing core scientific challenges Encourage interdisciplinary and integrative research across pure science disciplines Foster international scholarly communication and collaboration Scope AIJPS publishes scholarly work across a wide range of pure science disciplines, including but not limited to: Mathematics Applied Mathematics Statistics Physics Applied Physics Chemistry Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Analytical Chemistry Physical Chemistry Biochemistry Molecular Biology Cell Biology Genetics Microbiology Biotechnology Environmental Science Earth and Geological Sciences Materials Science Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Computational Science Theoretical and Mathematical Modeling Interdisciplinary Pure Science Studies The journal welcomes submissions using diverse research methodologies, including theoretical, experimental, computational, analytical, and simulation-based approaches, provided they demonstrate strong scientific foundations and make meaningful contributions to pure science research. Archiving Policy AIJPS is committed to the long-term preservation, accessibility, and integrity of its published scholarly content. To ensure permanent availability, the journal participates in recognized digital archiving systems. LOCKSS Archiving System AIJPS participates in the LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe) archiving program. Through this system, published content is securely stored and preserved across a distributed network of participating libraries worldwide. The LOCKSS system is authorized to: Collect journal content Preserve published materials Serve archived content to ensure continued access A LOCKSS Publisher Manifest is available at: View LOCKSS Publisher Manifest Self-Archiving / Repository Policy Authors are permitted to deposit the accepted version (post-print) of their articles in institutional or other repositories of their choice, in accordance with the journal’s archiving policy.
Correlation between Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Fecal Calprotectin Levels
Background and Aims: The aim of this study was to examine the diagnostic value of fecal calprotectin as a non-invasive inflammatory marker in intestinal parasitic infections and to evaluate its association with the severity of associated mucosal inflammatory changes. Methods: A total of 120 subjects were recruited and equally divided into two groups consisting of 60 patients with intestinal parasitic infection, particularly Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii complex and Blastocystis hominis, and 60 non-infected subjects matched by age and gender as controls. Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) and General Stool Examination (GSE) tests were conducted on all subjects. Alegria system analysis was carried out in order to determine the level of fecal calprotectin. Results: The statistics proved the significance of difference among the various groups studied (p<0.05). In comparison to the normal individuals, the level of fecal calprotectin increased significantly among those suffering from parasitic infection. The other markers associated with the inflammation process, such as fecal pus cells and positive occult blood results, were found to be highly correlated with the increase. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that fecal calprotectin is a useful non-invasive inflammatory marker of parasitic disease of the intestine. It provides supportive information when used together with routine stool examination and fecal occult blood testing. However, microscopy-based identification of amoebic infection should be reported as Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii complex unless confirmed by PCR or species-specific antigen detection.
Copyright (c) 2026 Academic International Journal of Pure Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bioactivity of Ilex paraguariensis Extracts: Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Effects Against Clinical Isolates
Background: Natural bioactive substances with antibacterial and antioxidant qualities are abundant in medicinal plants. The biological activities of Ilex paraguariensis (yerba mate) can be related to its phytochemical composition that contains polyphenols and flavonoids. Objective: The present study aimed to analyze the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of aqueous and methanolic extracts from Ilex paraguariensis against several clinical microorganisms. Methods: Clinical samples of both Gram-staining positive and negative bacterial strains and yeast were collected and identified by the standard laboratory methods. Well diffusion agar test was employed to evaluate the spectrum of antimicrobial activity at different doses (60, 120, 240, and 480 mg/mL). The DPPH test was used to assess the free radical scavenging activity. Results: In comparison to the aqueous extract, both extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity against the studied microorganisms with the aqueous extract demonstrating significantly larger zones of inhibition than the methanolic extract. The aqueous extract was relatively greater activity against (-ve Gram) bacteria, especially Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae meanwhile the methanolic extract was more selective against Candida albicans. The difference in activity could be due to the difference in solubility and extraction efficacy of bioactive compounds. The aqueous extract was found to have higher antioxidant activity than the methanolic extract due to higher number of water-soluble phytochemicals present in the aqueous extract. Conclusion: According to the findings, Ilex paraguariensis has intriguing antibacterial and antioxidant properties, particularly its aqueous extract. It might be a natural source of bioactive chemicals with therapeutic potential; nevertheless, more in vivo and phytochemical investigations are needed to determine its efficacy and mechanism of action.
Recent Advances in Anti-Biofilm Strategies to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant global health challenge, hindering bacterial infection treatment and contributing to rising hospitalization and death rates. Many pathogenic bacteria can form biofilms, complex communities protected by extracellular polymeric materials, which make them resistant to antimicrobial drugs and immune system attacks. Biofilm-forming bacteria exhibit persistence, leading to recurring infections. Limited drug penetration, low metabolic activity of sessile cells, and increased gene transfer within biofilms contribute to the failure of conventional antibiotic treatments. Recent progress has been made in strategies aimed at preventing biofilm growth and making biofilms more susceptible to antimicrobial treatments. While in vitro results are promising, translating these strategies into clinical applications remains challenging. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying biofilm-associated AMR and highlights recent advances in anti-biofilm strategies, such as quorum sensing inhibitors, nanotechnology, bacteriophage therapies, and biofilm-degrading enzymes and peptides. The review also discusses the clinical challenges impeding progress and suggests future research directions for effective and environmentally friendly anti-biofilm treatments. A literature search was conducted using PubMed and Scopus databases, covering studies published between 2015 and 2025. This study is a narrative review synthesizing recent advances in anti-biofilm strategies, aimed at improving treatment outcomes and developing more environmentally friendly solutions.
Data Mining in Healthcare: Predictive Analytics and Outbreak Detection of Lyme Disease
The most prevalent tick-borne disease in the US is Lyme disease, which is becoming more prevalent as a result of ecological and environmental variables. This study explores the potential of data mining and machine learning to improve Lyme disease outbreak prediction and early detection. The study assesses seasonal trends, geographic hotspots, and demographic patterns from 1996 to 2023 using CDC surveillance data and Python-based data analytics. The study identifies possible epidemic zones with a 75.7% accuracy rate using data preprocessing, visualization, and predictive modeling, which includes Random Forest categorization. The study focuses on high-risk states like Pennsylvania and Delaware, as well as groups that are more likely to be hurt, like kids ages 5 to 14 and people over 75. Using Kaggle datasets and machine learning algorithms like Linear Regression and Logistic Regression to look at historical data shows that all models work the same way. Based on spatial and temporal characteristics, Random Forest models in particular show great promise for identifying outbreak times. According to the study's findings, data-driven surveillance provides a potent instrument for making decisions about public health. For increased accuracy, it suggests including socioeconomic and environmental aspects in future models. This research highlights the importance of predictive analytics in public health responses and lays the groundwork for real-time Lyme disease monitoring systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Academic International Journal of Pure Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Drosophila, or fruit flies, have been evident enough to conduct the activity of gene transfer within their body, which has been the main attraction of this paper. The paper has considered an article that has dealt with the "Gene transfer in Drosophila." Other relevant articles by researchers that have conducted similar research, mainly focusing on P elements and DNA transfers, have been discussed in the paper to support the analysis presented by this paper.
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of “Ice Algal Blooms” on the surface of “Greenland Ice Sheet”
The supraglacial areas within continental areas, including areas of “Antarctica, Siberia, Alaska, The Himalayan range, and Greenland Ice Sheet”, have the presence of microalgal blooms with enough capacity to affect both the physical and chemical surface of the environment. The researchers have chosen suitable methodologies to determine the nature of the microalgal blooms. The main aim of this study is to review an article on chosen topic Environmental Microbiology concerning the progress of “ice algal blooms” on surface area of the “Greenland Ice Sheet”. “The Greenland Ice Sheet” is considered as the most extensive supraglacial area in the world. The Southwestern area has the presence of algal blooms, and the research article has been reviewed by determining the methods that have been executed in order to understand the nature and growth of the “ice algal blooms” on the surface ice. The paper has reviewed results after conducting the research by incorporating scientific methodologies.
This work delves into the intricate realm of induced representations, offering an exhaustive examination of three pivotal theorems in the domain of induced representations pertaining to locally compact groups. These three theorems, specifically, are the theorem on induction in stages, the imprimitivity theorem and the intertwining number theorem. These theorems are central to understanding how representations are constructed, related, and interwoven within the framework of group theory.
Copyright (c) 2023 Academic International Journal of Pure Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Physiological Blood Changes Among Smokers and Their Effects
Background: Cigarette aids foster this type of art of evolution. involves the emergence and development of a number of long-term or age-associated diseases Heart attacks or pulmonary cancer are the most common causes of death throughout America, and they continue to be amongst the top illnesses and reasons of death among cigarettes. anomalies in the blood vessels These have been related to damage from oxidation and tissue-level cardiac collapse. A substantial relationship is present among increased levels of packed-cell hemoglobin and development. Aim: Goals Examining the deleterious effects of tobacco on blood vessel red blood cell count, the amount of hemoglobin, and consequent indices of red blood cell count is essential when attempting to create initiatives to discourage smoking or increase the public's understanding. Such results ought to be taken into account contrasted to those from other countries. Method: An investigation was carried out using a cross-sectional descriptive research design that investigated relationship between hemoglobin levels and the number of blood cells counts, specifically white blood cell counts, in relation to a typical age spectrum of 20–50 years. Out of the 100 guys that participated in the experiment, –50 weren't using cigarettes and –50 did. Result: The present investigation looked at the protein hemoglobin red cell characteristics, HCT (the PCV), that matched with mature smokes' erythrocyte measure. PCV targets, MCH levels, and peptide hemoglobin number of cells are significantly (p>0.05) elevated in a specific set of males that smokers to diverse degrees. potentially raise one's blood levels of HB, PCV, RBC, MCV, MCH, and MHC relative to those who do not smoke; nevertheless, no discernible change was observed. Conclonsion : The present research used hemoglobin, erythrocyte measure, and screening for maturation in smokers. It is found that smoke increases levels of hemoglobin, red cell indices, and the B-complex to people, resulting in a persistent hypoxia condition.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biosynthesis of Iron Nanoparticles (Fe NPs), and their Antibacterial Activity
Our ongoing research involves the synthesis of iron nanoparticles through a multi-step procedure that includes intricate processes resulting in the disruption of the bonds between the fundamental components of the oyster shell. As a result, we successfully extract iron nanoparticles from oyster shell powder. The obtained iron nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and FTIR-Based Analysis. These techniques confirmed that the nanoparticles possess the standard properties and meet the optimal specifications necessary for their function as an antibiotic to suppress bacterial action. Objective: Our research aims to biologically generate iron nanoparticles from oyster shells, meeting conventional standards that enable them to function as antibiotics. Methods: Our research employs a method for producing iron nanoparticles that involves a series of processes combined with the addition of chemicals that disrupt the bonds between the fundamental constituents of the oyster shell. This shell is first purified and then ground into a powder. Results And Characterization: The results were obtained using the SPSS statistical program, and the size of the iron particles was determined using the XRD crystallite (grain) calculator, specifically the Scherrer Equation. The characteristics acquired from the steps involving Fe NPs in our ongoing study are confirmed based on the measurements conducted using X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and FTIR-Based Analysis. These measurements indicate that the particles have a satisfactory size range of 30-100 nanometers. Conclusion: According to this study, we produced iron nanoparticles through a series of steps from a biological source, involving many chemical reactions to retain their desired properties. Our research demonstrates that biologically produced iron nanoparticles cannot be re-solidified and can act as bactericidal antibiotics.
Copyright (c) 2024 Academic International Journal of Pure Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship of Some Special Physical Abilities and Skillful Performance with Some Physiological Variables and Immune Antioxidants and The Role of Sport in Enhancing the Immune Aspect of Soccer Players
The current research studied the effect of soccer on some physiological variables and antioxidants in the body by measuring these physiological variables and measuring the levels of some antioxidants for young soccer players in Karbala Governorate and studying the correlation of these physiological variables withthe physical abilities and skillful performance of soccer players. It was found that there is a significant correlation between those physical abilities and competent performance and between physiological variables and antioxidants, which included (heart rate, blood pressure, lactic acid, and maximum oxygen consumption) in addition to the presence of significant differences in the concentrations of antioxidants cortisol hormone and catalase enzyme for the players. The research sample was identified as the Karbala Youth Club players for the 2022 sports season, whose number is (110) players, compared to the control group, which amounted to 70 people of similar height, weight, and age group. Research depends on statistical methods such as (mean, S.D, and simple correlation coefficient).
Detection Of Stx1gene, Stx2 Gene and Flich7 Gene Shiga Toxin of Escherichia Coli Isolated from Human and Chickens in Karbala City
Aims: This study was conducted to isolate and identify by PCR analysis for presence of stx1gene, stx2 gene and fliCh7 gene of Shiga toxin Escherichia coli from broiler chickens and humans from live chicken markets in different areas of Karbala. Material and methods: A total of 200 fecal samples were collected from chicken broiler (n=150) and human (n=50). E. coli were isolated and identified by cultural, biochemical, Api-20E, VITEK 2 system and PCR. Results: 13 Human and chicken positive samples include 10% , 5.3% and were derived from human and broiler chickens respectively that diagnosis by using PCR analysis for presence stx1gene, stx2 gene and fliCh7 gene. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli results negative stx1gene and positive stx2 gene . Conclusion: Considering the findings of this study demonstrate that the chicken's digestive track hosts a bacterial pathogen, indicating that interferences are required to reduce Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) transmission.
Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Escherichia Coli Strains Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections
Background: The purpose of this investigation was to show how resistant E. Coli is towards the fluoroquinolone treatment Ciprofloxacin. There were 140 specimens in total. It is widely recognized that infections of the urinary tract are a prevalent condition in women and men and different ages. The bacteria that cause E. Coli becomes more resistant as a result of increased consumption of antibiotics, which means this symptom is dangerous on a worldwide scale. Methods: Within Al-Hindya Teaching Hospital, specimens of urine involving individuals of different age have been employed to isolate the E. Coli germs. The required separation procedures have been conducted, comprising genetic sequencing of the bacterial strain carbon monoxide gene, microscopical examination, plus biochemical examinations. The resulting isolates were subjected to the procedure called polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and their resistance to antibiotics was assessed by putting discs containing antibiotics on the Mueller_ Hinton agar. Results: Compared to males, girls had a greater rate of E. Coli disease. The bacteria that underwent responsiveness testing employed ciprofloxacin, and that microbes rate of resistance to this antibiotic was somewhat higher than its level of sensitivity. Investigating the growing resistance of Ur pathogenic E. Coli bacterium to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin is the goal objective this investigation.
Isolation and Molecular Identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Clinical Samples Using PCR
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen responsible for diverse hospital- and community-acquired infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients and those with burn wounds, chronic illnesses, or implanted medical devices. Its multidrug resistance and virulence factors, including elastase (lasB) and exotoxin S (exoS), complicate treatment and increase morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to isolate and characterize clinical P. aeruginosa strains from various infections in Ramadi Teaching Hospital and to determine the prevalence of lasB and exoS genes using multiplex PCR. A total of 305 diabetic foot ulcer (n=80) burns (n=90), and postsurgical isolates (n=305) were obtained. wounds (n = 75) and otitis infections (n = 60). P. aeruginosa confirmed use. biochemical assay. LasB was identified in 44.9% and exoS in 24.6% of isolates using Multiplex PCR. Both genes exoS and lasB were the most detected. In contrast, otitis isolates contained low exoS but a high prevalence of lasB detection with percentages 17.8% andv89.2% respectively. Both diabetic foot ulcers and post-operative wounds showed high lasB and moderate exoS. The kind of infection and elastase functions lead to difference in exoS expression. In this study PCR demonstrates its ability for rapid, sensitive detection of virulent genes, supporting targeted therapy and enhanced infection control. Epidemiological insights and clinical strategist tar
Comparative Histological Changes to Investigate the Therapeutic Effect of Cicalfate+ cream and Penicillin-Streptomycin on Wound Healing in Rabbits
The present study was designed to evaluate the comparative effect of Cicalfate+ cream and penicillin-streptomycin on the histology of rabbits' healing processes in full-thickness skin wounds. All rabbits were forty-five healthy adult bucks weighing between 1.3 and 1.8 kg were made A full-thickness wound measuring 2.5 x 2.5 cm was made in the dorsal back area. Intramuscular injections of xylazine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg), ketamine hydrochloride (35 mg/kg) were given very quickly (IM), along with 1 mg/kg of diazepam. These animals were separated into three groups (A, B and C groups) The first group was treated intramuscular with penicillin-streptomycin daily with single dose (group A), and the second group was given Cicalfate+ cream topically twice daily (group B), the last group designated as (group C) served as the control and didn't receive any treatment. For histopathological evaluation, on the 3rd, 7th, and 14th days after wounding. Histological analysis demonstrated that wound healing was more organized and efficient in group (B) compared to the other groups, with group (A) showing a moderate degree of improvement, and the rate of healing highly in group (B) than other groups which led to highly attachment between layers of skin resulting in good blood supply and nutrition also greater cellularity and finally faster healing to the wound.
Testing The Efficiency of Some Culture Media for Cultivating the Visceral Leishmaniasis Parasite
Several different culture media were used to grow the flagellate stage of the visceral Leishmania parasite taken from an isolate grown on Nove-Mac Neal-Nicolle media. After comparing the average number of flagellates, it was found that the highest growth rate was in Schneider Drosophila media, reaching X 1063.39 during the third day, and in the semi-solid medium, it was X 1063.05 during the fourth day, while in Roswell Park Memorial Insistitute media supplemented with fetal bovine serum, the average was X 1062.25 during the third day, while in Roswell Park Memorial Insistitute media supplemented with human plasma, it reached X 1061.13 during the sixth day, while in the original medium, NNN media, the growth was X 1064 during the ninth day. The aim of the study: To study the efficiency of some culture media in growing the visceral leishmaniasis parasite to produce large numbers of the parasite in a shorter period of time and the possibility of obtaining better virulence in causing infection in laboratory animals.
Copyright (c) 2024 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Removal of Toxic Heavy Metals Using Genetically Engineered Microbes: Molecular Tools, Risk Assessment and Management Strategies
As a result of the increasing rates of heavy metal pollutants in many environmental resources, it was necessary to discover and develop new methods for treating heavy metal pollutants, and one of the most effective methods is the use of genetically modified microorganisms such as bacteria (Shewanella Oneidensis and Cupriavidus Metallidurans) which is very useful in getting rid of heavy metal pollutants. This study aims to determine and evaluate the effectiveness of genetically modified bacteria and organisms such as Shewanella Oneidensis and Cupriavidus Metallidurans. In getting rid of heavy metal pollutants, genetically modified bacteria were used and obtained from MB Genetics, which is one of the leading companies in this field. Strains of genetically modified bacteria were obtained from MB Genetics, a company specialising in synthesising genetically modified microbes. Then, these genetically modified bacteria were used to reduce the presence of harmful heavy metals in the water to acceptable levels that meet the permissible limits and values. These bacteria were used under different conditions and different pH numbers. The results indicated the effectiveness of genetically modified bacteria in eliminating levels of heavy metals in water. Both bacterial strains successfully eliminated more than 91% of lead at a pH of 7. The study highlighted the significant influence of acidity and pH levels in determining the levels of heavy metals present in water and the environment in general. High levels of pollution with heavy and harmful metals in water can be treated by using genetically modified bacteria such as (Shewanella Oneidensis and Cupriavidus Metallidurans); this treatment is highly effective in removing harmful heavy metals from water when it is used correctly and by the principles of scientific research and scientific theories.
Copyright (c) 2024 Academic International Journal of Pure Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Evaluating The Effect of Thyme Extract on Inhibiting Gene Expression of Virulence Factors in Acinetobacter Baumannii and Studying Its Effect on Biofilm Formation
Because of the resistance of this bacteria to many antibiotics, it has become necessary to find alternatives to antibiotics or materials that work synergistically with antibiotics in order to control and inhibit the growth of this bacteria, which poses a great danger to patients with burns and wounds. Therefore, it has been proposed that this plant extract be used to prove its effectiveness. Grind the dried thyme leaves to obtain a fine powder. Place 10 grams of thyme powder in a beaker containing 100 ml of distilled water (10% w/v concentration). Heat the mixture in a water bath at 60-70°C for 30-60 minutes with continuous stirring. After heating is complete, let the mixture cool to room temperature. Filter the extract using filter paper or a fine strainer to obtain the pure extract. To prepare several concentrations of the aqueous extract, dilute the basic extract (10%) to the desired concentrations, such as 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%. Use the following equation to determine the volume of the aqueous extract and the volume of distilled water required for each concentration: C1×V1=C2×V2C1 \times V1 = C2 \times V2C1. Effect of different concentrations of thyme extract (2.5, 5%, 7.5, and 10), where a significant effect of this plant was observed in inhibiting the biofilms of these bacteria, and the concentration of 7.5 and 10 gave the best results in inhibiting the biofilm of these bacteria. The mechanism of inhibition can be explained by the fact that thyme contains active compounds such as thymol and carvacrol, which have antibacterial properties.
Molecular Insights into Bacterial Pathogenesis: Understanding Mechanisms and Developing Therapies
Global public health continues to be among the very substantial challenges of bacterial infections, which are compounded by the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. This work is aimed at verifying the effectiveness of molecularly targeted anti-bacterial agents in reducing bacterial adhesion, invasion, cytotoxicity, and intracellular survival with a few examples of major pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli (UPEC), Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Salmonella enterica and Mycobacterium tuberculosis using different molecular techniques like PCR to assess the impact of these anti-pathogenic processes. The disease severity scores were significantly reduced after treatment in all experimental groups as compared to control groups: E. coli (4.5 to 1.2), S. aureus (4.2 to 1.4), S. enterica (3.8 to 1.5) and M. tuberculosis (4.7 to 1.6). Decreases in bacterial adhesion and invasion were significant for E. coli and cytotoxicity for S aureus. In contrast, intracellular survival was decreased for both S enterica and M tuberculosis because of the treatment. Lower bacterial counts and virulence gene expression were less in the treatment groups, as seen from qPCR analysis, implying that molecular targeting was effective. These results underscore the capacity of combining molecular strategies with targeted treatments towards bacterial infections. Such a promising approach was unveiled to address the woes entangled around antibiotic resistance that leads to loss in clinical cases. Optimization of these duals should be taken on board in future investigations with a broader scope in mind, both at the bacteriological level and clinically speaking, having such applications explored within broader contexts.
Comparison Between Serological and Molecular Identification of Vibrio Cholera
Cholera, caused by the bacterium Vibrio Cholerae, remains a critical global health issue, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Traditional identification methods, primarily serological techniques, have been the standard for decades; however, the advent of molecular techniques has transformed pathogen detection, offering improved sensitivity and specificity. This study aims to systematically compare serological and molecular methods for identifying V. cholerae, focusing on their sensitivity, specificity, time efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and reliability across various sample types and conditions. Methods: Data were collected from 150 samples (100 clinical isolates from patients with cholera-like symptoms and 50 environmental samples) in Baghdad during 2022. The study employed various identification methods: traditional culture, serological tests (slide agglutination and coagglutination), conventional PCR, and real-time PCR. Biochemical tests were conducted for presumptive identification, and molecular techniques targeted specific virulence genes (ompW, ctxA, rfbO1). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated using culture results as the gold standard. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 25.0. Results: The study found that culture detected 115 positive cases, while serological tests identified 112 (slide agglutination) and 110 (coagglutination) positives. Conventional PCR showed 118 positives, and real-time PCR outperformed all methods with 120 positives. The sensitivity and specificity of the methods were as follows: slide agglutination (95% sensitivity, 92% specificity), coagglutination (94.8% sensitivity, 91.8% specificity), conventional PCR (98.3% sensitivity, 98.7% specificity), and real-time PCR (99.1% sensitivity, 99.3% specificity). The presence of virulence genes was significantly higher in clinical isolates compared to environmental samples. Statistical analysis revealed strong agreement between molecular methods and culture results, with Cohen's kappa coefficients indicating very strong agreement for PCR methods. Discussion: The results demonstrate that molecular methods, particularly real-time PCR, significantly outperform traditional serological techniques in identifying V. cholerae. Molecular methods offer high sensitivity and specificity due to their detection of certain genetic markers. On the other hand, higher positivity rates in clinical isolates strengthen some confirmation of effective cholera management that focuses more effective identification. And although molecular methods depend on more advanced equipment and technical know-how, their speedesse critical for clinical applications. Finally, this study showed that molecular methods, and especially real-time PCR, exhibit much better performance than classical serologic methods for the identification of Vibrio Cholerae, with sensitivities and specificities that reach over 99%. Although molecular methods provide rapid and accurate results, they may not be practical because of higher costs and the need for technical expertise particularly in low-resourced settings. Thus, the use of high-throughput clinical laboratories with real-time PCR as the preferred method for pathogen identification is recommended as it offers a high level accuracy with a reduced time to result Nevertheless, serological techniques must continue to play an important advantage in limited-resource settings with periodic confirmation by molecular techniques for important samples. A combination strategy of both diagnostic tests for environmental surveillance is recommended. This is only the start; standardized protocols for testing and regional networks to distribute testing kits will allow testing to continue to improve, which will no doubt lead to better cholera surveillance and control measures around the world.
Exploring Nutrient Competition and Antimicrobial Strategies in Microbial Communities
The research evaluates the effect of acetic acid and sodium chloride solutions on the competition between microorganisms while studying fungal development patterns in chilli. The research included three distinct chilli groups, which received acetic acid treatment (Group A), sodium chloride treatment (Group C) or no treatment applied (Group B). The observation of macroscopic alterations and fungal infections occurred throughout twelve days. The microbial strains grown on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) at 25°C and 37°C underwent microscopic analysis using lactophenol cotton blue stain. Groups A and C experienced tissue deterioration and fungal growth faster than Group B, which developed visible spots during the eighth day. Most fungi grown on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) showed high-temperature tolerance and could probably belong to the genera Aspergillus or Penicillium. The microscopic examination showed hyphae with septations together with conidiophores. Microbial diversity decreases when organisms are exposed to acetic acid and sodium chloride, thus enabling pathogenic fungi to take control since competing microorganisms are harmed. Various microorganisms inside Group B's specimens stopped fungal growth because different microbes competed. The research demonstrates how microbial diversity maintains fungal-limiting conditions but also shows that we need different preservation techniques to protect beneficial microorganisms. The study successfully determined how microbial competition affects spoilage processes and preservation methods.
Copyright (c) 2025 Academic International Journal of Pure Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Antibacterial activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum aqueous extract against Proteus mirabilis isolated from Urinary Tract Infections in Kerbala province
Proteus mirabilis from urinary tract infections (UTIs) is to be isolated as well as detected in the presented work. Proteus mirabilis resistance to specific antibiotics is being studied, and the antibacterial activity regarding a cold aqueous extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum against Proteus mirabilis isolated from UTIs is being tested. 150 patients with diuresis for UTIs comprise the study sample. Thus, 12 (8%) of Proteus mirabilis were isolated. The majority of bacterial isolates tested with such antibiotics exhibited resistance to them. The research's findings indicate that the aqueous extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum contains active components such as tannins, glycosides, saponins, resins, and phenols in varying amounts, as well as the absence of flavones and phenols. Thus, the bacterial isolates have the greatest impact on concentration (75 mg/ml). Therefore, compared with the control factor, which contains sterile distilled water, the concentration (75 mg/ml) had the highest and lowest diameters of 30 mm and 22 mm, respectively; the concentration (50 mg/ml) had the highest and lowest diameters of 28 mm and 18 mm, respectively; the concentration (25 mg/ml) had the highest diameter of 26 mm and the least diameter of inhibition was 16 mm; and lastly, about the concentration (12.5 mg/ml), the highest and lowest diameters were 23 mm and 12 mm, respectively. The results of the investigation of some virulence factors showed that 59(100%) isolates can form a swarm, 48(81.35%) isolates can produce biofilm, 50(91.52%) isolates can produce hemolysin, and 24(100%) isolates can produce urease enzymes. Proteus mirabilis is one of the pathogens of UTIs.
Embalming is one of the widely known traditional methods to preserve corpses by slowing down the process of decomposition. Scientists preserve the dead body by sterilizing it with different chemicals. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the articles that centers the mode of discussion on the history of Embalming. The history of Embalming has been presented in the paper, and references from other articles have elaborated on various information. The purpose of Embalming has been mentioned in the paper, along with the importance indicated. The paper has also commented upon the ways of embalming and the chemicals needed to sterilize a body. Plastination is one of the well-known techniques that has also been known to mummify a body, but definitely with a better consequence. The paper has also reviewed the information on the plastination technique, and in order to support the aspect, references from other research have also been taken into consideration.
Isolation, Proliferation, and Identification of Human Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hWJMSCs)
In this research, we compared the biological characteristics and therapeutic potential of “human Wharton's jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hWJMSCs)” isolated from various anatomical regions of the umbilical cord.". Cells were isolated from maternal, middle, and fetal segments of “umbilical cords” (n = 6) of six healthy donors who underwent elective cesarean delivery and systematically compared. Several analyses were used to characterize the cells, including growth kinetics, immunophenotyping, gene expression profiling, and differentiation potential assessment. Results showed substantial segment-specific variations, with yields and characteristics of “hWJMSCs” obtained from “maternal and fetal segments” superior to middle segment. Enhanced proliferation rates (population doubling times of 1.02 ± 0.09 and 1.21 ± 0.2 days compared with 1.86 ± 0.12 days), increased cell viability, and stronger expression of stemness markers and differentiation potential were observed in these cells. On the other hand, reduced HLA-ABC expression in maternal and fetal segments indicates perhaps improved immune privilege. This research reveals strong evidence that the anatomical origin of “hWJMSCs” from the umbilical cord remarkably impacts biological characteristics and cytotherapeutic potential. Implications of these findings for regenerative medicine are significant and suggest that targeted harvesting from maternal and fetal segments has the potential to enhance therapeutic efficacy. This research lays the groundwork for standardizing cell-sourcing protocols and has implications for advancing cell-based therapy.
Biofilm Detection of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Oral Infections
This work involves identifying biofilm development by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from oral infections. Biofilm formation transpires due to bacterial activity influenced by multiple elements that create an oral environment conducive to its development, as biofilm formation is a critical pathogenicity factor for bacteria. This investigation involved the collection of forty clinical samples from the oral cavities of individuals with oral issues. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated and identified using several methods, with confirmation via polymerase chain reaction (PCR), yielding 28 positive samples and 12 negative samples. Bacteria can establish biofilms on biological and abiotic surfaces in both natural and clinical settings. Bacterial aggregation within biofilms is created by the extracellular matrix they secrete. Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen linked to biofilm infection. The assessment of biofilm formation on polymeric surfaces by Staphylococcus aureus isolates was conducted utilizing the crystal violet microtiter plate technique. Crystal violet is a negative stain that exhibits affinity for positively charged molecules on the cell surface, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides. The extent of biofilm formation was quantified using optical density (OD) values, which were compared to the control OD (ODc); the classifications resulted in 21 highly adherent samples, 8 lightly adherent, 49 barely adherent and 12 nonadherent.
Normal Bacterial Flora of The Oral Cavity
The oral cavity is a biopolitical environment, very similar to the gastrointestinal microenvironment, which hosts billions of microorganisms known collectively as oral microbiota. These bacteria were shown to have important functions within the host oral ecosystem as they inhibit the attachment of pathogenic microorganisms and actively participate in the immune reaction of the host. Gingival crevices harbor various types of bacteria and are typically part of a balance; any disparity could result in oral disease such as dental caries, periodontal diseases, even systemic infections. This article systematically summarises the regular bacterial microbiota in the oral cavity, a description of its functions, and the aspects which precipitate the changes in bacterial flora
Bacterial Contamination and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Al Anbar Province Water Sources
Bacterial pollution and antibiotic resistance pose substantial public health issues in Anbar Governorate, Iraq. Contamination of environmental water sources and the rise of multidrug-resistant bacterial phenotypes pose significant threats to public health and the effectiveness of healthcare systems. This study sought to assess bacterial contamination levels, delineate antibiotic resistance patterns, and analyze the genetic properties of the primary bacterial pathogens in the region. Approaches: Clinical and environmental specimens, including water samples, were collected from the Euphrates River, institutional water storage facilities, and healthcare institutions. Specimens received thorough microbiological analysis, encompassing bacterial culture, biochemical characterization, and molecular identification for accurate strain designation. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, with resistance profiles analyzed in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was utilized to identify resistance determinants, specifically the blaCTX-M, blaNDM, and mexA/mexB genes. Statistical studies were performed to clarify resistance patterns and evaluate relationships among various sample sources, thoroughly defining regional bacterial resistance trends. Outcomes: Analysis indicated heightened bacterial contamination in the Euphrates River, with total coliform and fecal coliform levels surpassing acceptable limits. Water quality degradation was significant, as shown by large bacterial loads from institutional water sources. The most common isolates were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with high levels of resistance against antimicrobials, including ceftriaxone (85-90%), ciprofloxacin (55-80%), and meropenem (60-95%). Molecular characterization showed that important resistance determinants were common, with blaCTX-M being the major factor identified among K. pneumoniae isolates and mexA/mexB genes indicating multidrug resistance in P. aeruginosa. Results of statistical analyses highlighted significant correlations between levels of contamination with a range of sources and patterns of antimicrobial resistance, solidifying the increasing threats from bacterial contamination and antimicrobial resistance in the region. The results revealed that water sources in Anbar Governorate are critical bacterial contamination locations, and the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance within clinical and environmental isolates reached high levels. While our findings reveal new determinants of resistance, they highlight the need for improved infection control policies, robust antimicrobial stewardship, and coordinated water treatment strategies. Reducing resistant bacterial spread requires intervention based on bringing together public health authorities, health care providers, and environmental agencies to guarantee better water quality and health benefits population.
The effect of Capparis spinosa extract on some immunological and physiological variables of mice
Background The pungent taste and numerous health advantages of the caper plant are not to be overlooked. Thanks to its high vitamin content—including B12, niacin, vitamin K, vitamin A, vitamin E, and fiber—it finds widespread usage as both a culinary seasoning and a medicinal herb. Methodology The Soxhlet device was the most efficient and effective way to isolate the plant's active organic ingredient crude. I ground the plant into a powder using a blender. Then, I added 250 mL of ethanol and added 95% after extraction. I extracted the plant within 24 hours and concentrated the mixture using a rotary evaporator. Finally, I frozen it at -20 ° until I needed it. The mice were housed in sanitary cages that met their nutritional, thermal, and ventilation needs. The experiment did not begin until the mice had been allowed to acclimate for one week without treatment. Result The results presented here appear to be descriptive statistics for a number of physiological characteristics measured in mice treated with varying concentrations of Capparis spinosa extract (control, 10%, and 20%). Haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), and the total count for each therapy group are the variables that are being considered. In order to compare the control group with the groups treated with varying doses of Capparis spinosa extract, this data sheds light on the central tendency and variability of physiological variables under different treatments. The results showed an increase in some blood variables compared to the control. There is also an increase in the number of white blood cells, which enhances the increase in the first line of defense against pathogenic organisms.
Intestinal Bacterial Microbiota In Irritable Bowel Syndrome
The digestion tube is a natural microorganism. The intestine is free of bacteria at birth, but it quickly becomes a host for numerous bacteria and regularly establishes a mutual relationship. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common and sometimes chronic weakness of gastrointestinal function. Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome include abdominal pain and altered bowel motility. The aetiology of this syndrome is likely to be heterogeneous. Moreover, it is measured as a disease of instinctive-intelligence interaction; then, the microbiome is often implicated as a central player in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome through patients showing alterations in the configuration and purpose of the gut microbiota associated with healthy controls. Enterobacteriaceae faecal are observed in increased numbers of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. The presence of Escherichia coli strains in the lower intestine of humans may comprise numerous possibly pathogenic adhesive path types. The aim of this review is to summarise the available works on the microbiome influence on the pathophysiology and symptoms performance of IBS, in addition to the present results on microbiome-beleaguered demeanours aimed at this illness.
The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning
Climate change refers to a long-term alteration in worldwide climate patterns, particularly those brought on by the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The results of climate change are clear: warming of the Earth system and more typical extreme weather events. Indeed, there is no domestic or worldly community which has yet escaped the results, and climate change is expected to become stronger in the future. Biotic and abiotic pressures on natural ecosystems, as well as biodiversity and its associated ecosystem services, are made stronger by climatic changes. Thus, this paper aims to reflect the influence of climate change on biodiversity and linked ecosystem functioning. [1,2] The planet's diversity is usually referred to as biodiversity, involving the millions of various life forms, such as plants and animals, as well as their connections and manifestations in ecosystems. Ecosystem functioning deals with the biological processes of the ecosystem as an entity. It has been confirmed that the global biodiversity of the planet diminishes, as well as human forces continue to place extra constraints on biodiversity, i.e., elevating inherent extinction risks of species. Climate patterns have a significant influence on biodiversity by affecting the spatial allocation of species, their population characteristics, reproduction, and broods, leading to the reproduction of seasons, the timing of habit alterations and morphological characteristics, and, to a point, damage distributions. Moreover, it is anticipated that the organization and interaction of communities, ecosystems, as well as the processes associated with services change because of the effects on biodiversity. [3, 4]
Spectrophotometric Method Validation for Estimation of Paracetamol Dosage Form Using 2-Chloro-5-Methoxy Aniline
In this study, a novel spectrophotometric technique has been devised that is quick and easy to use for quantifying paracetamol (PCM.) in tablets and in its pure form. The recommended process consists of two steps: First, a 2-chloro-5-methoxy aniline (2-Cl-5-OMeAn.) reagent's primary amine group is diazotized by reacting with sodium nitrite in an acidic medium to create the corresponding diazonium salt of (2-Cl-5-OMeAn.) Secondly, the diazonium salt reacts with (PCM.) in a basic medium to form a yellow-orange-colored, stable, and water-insoluble azo dye that showed a maximum absorption at 480 nm. In this study, several variables influencing the responses were optimized. The azo dye produced using (PCM.) and (2-Cl-5-OMeAn.) as a coupling reagent follows Lambert Beer's law in the (20–140 µg.mL-1) range with a 0.9995, 1.7337 × 10+3 M-1. cm-1, and 0.123 for coefficient of correlation, a molar absorptivity and sandells' sensitivity, respectively. The method has been validated statistically, offering low detection and quantification limits, high recovery percentages (> 98%) and low relative standard deviation values. The method was successfully used to evaluate traces of paracetamol in the dosage formulation (Piodol, 500 mg/tablet, PiONEER Co.).